Seeing pink, red or cola‑coloured urine can be alarming. When a bladder infection (cystitis) irritates the bladder lining, tiny blood vessels may leak, causing blood in the urine — haematuria. It can occur with UTIs, but blood in urine should…

That burning, urgent dash to the loo, the constant feeling you haven’t quite emptied, the cloudy or strong‑smelling urine — a suspected UTI can derail your day and your sleep. While antibiotics are often the quickest way to clear a…

Waking often at night to pass urine, noticing a weaker stream, or spotting a trace of blood can be unsettling. Prostate cancer frequently causes no symptoms at first, and many urinary changes are due to benign conditions such as an…

Spotting the early signs of bladder cancer means recognising changes in your urine or urinary habits that appear before the disease has grown deeply or spread. The most common is blood in the urine (haematuria), which may look pink, red…

Prostate cancer risk assessment estimates how likely you are to have, or to develop, a clinically important prostate cancer. It combines your age, ethnicity, family history, symptoms and a blood test called PSA, sometimes with a prostate examination. The aim…

Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys and sometimes move into the ureter (the tube to the bladder). Many are tiny and pass unnoticed; others irritate or block the urinary tract, triggering…

“Prostate cancer signs” simply means the changes you might notice that could suggest a problem with the prostate, including possible cancer. These can affect how you pass urine or your sexual function, or show up as pain or unexpected weight…

Immunotherapy treats bladder cancer by helping your immune system recognise and attack cancer cells. Unlike chemotherapy, which directly kills rapidly dividing cells, immunotherapy takes the brakes off immune cells or stimulates them locally in the bladder. In the UK this…

A CT scan for kidney stones is a quick, specialised X‑ray test that builds detailed cross‑section images of your kidneys, ureters and bladder. In most cases, a non‑contrast ‘CT KUB’ is used, so no dye is needed. It can spot…

Radiotherapy for bladder cancer uses precisely targeted, high‑energy X‑rays to damage the DNA of cancer cells so they stop growing and die. Planned from outside the body and shaped to the bladder, it aims to spare as much normal tissue…